Looking Through the Eyes of the Faultless Painter Essay -- Adrea del Sa

Andrea del Sartos title in Brownings eyes should be con nervered the faultless painter. For del Sarto, capturing something beautiful is worth almost anything. entirely del Sarto finds himself confine between two identities That of a married homophile to his wife, and that of an artist to his patrons. Andrea del Sarto recognizes that his work as a painter often distances him from his wife, but he also recognizes that his whap for his wife has reduced his capability to paint subjects as they are. Of course, del Sarto himself is presenting scarce his side of the story, that of a man who is trying to support his wife with his work it would be interesting to see Lucrezias side of the tale. What is fascinating is that del Sartos world apparent horizon and invoice of his life, the narrative of his existence, faces to be totally sincerely held, yet it is also in many ways deeply contradictory Resentful and loving, taking obligation and passing on responsibility. In this sense, del S artos monolog is intelligibly a sincerely held view of the world, but is precisely the kind of view that a real soul holds Filled with inaccuracies and competing self-images.One of the crucial clues to the meaning of the poem is the superlative that Andrea del Sarto has realise Faultless Painter. Del Sarto has interpreted this vision of himself to mean that he has managed to be technically perfect but emotionally limited, yet that superlative doesnt seem to just point to a flawless technician. Del Sarto has apparently achieved notoriety in his life, yet he is still unsatisfied with his work. In del Sartos worldview, his wife has do it so that he is only technically proficient, not emotionally proficient. But it is quite clear that del Sarto is actually deeply emotiona... ... loving husband, and a unshakable man. Unfortunately, his real world is not perfect, so he finds that he is only a faultless but not exceptional painter, a husband who is married to a woman who spends his m oney, and a man who is unable to basis up to his wife. It is unquestionable that del Sarto honestly believes all of these things. The fact that his beliefs are establish on mutually contradictory components does not change the fact that this is clearly the statement of a mans worldview. Browning gives us the image of a man walking through his own self-image, and invites the reader to share in the doubtfulness about del Sarto. Without ever hearing from others, such as his peers, his patrons, and his wife, it is impossible to complete the truth the only thing we can know is what del Sarto thought and what his worldview was, and that is tolerable to understand the man and his art.

Social and Legal Definitions of Slavery Narrative of the Life of Freder

Mr. Covey seemed now to think he had me, and could do what he pleased but at this moment -- from whence came the spirit I dont know -- I resolved to fight and, suiting my action to the resolution, I seized Covey hard by the throat and as I did so, I rose. (Douglass 112, chapt. 10)In Chapter 10 of Frederick Douglass Narrative of the Life of... an American Slave, Douglass describes an important attendant in which he forces backward the standard master-slave hierarchy of beating privileges against his temporal master, Mr. Covey. The victory proves for Douglass a remarkable source of renewed yearning for emancipation and of self-confidence as he rose physically, standing up to fight, he rose in spirit. Covey did not have Douglass in the genius of either fighting or ownership, and could not do what he pleased. The comment of the internal and external results of the fight displays a clear degree of significance in order to convey to the reader the highly private spirit of the tr iumph--signifying being described by Roger D. Abrahams as a technique of indirect argument or persuasion and a language of hint (Gates 54). Douglass explains, He only can understand the deep satisfaction which I experienced, who has himself repelled by force the bloody arm of slavery (113, chapt. 10). The overt statement describes a unique feeling arisen from relatively unique circumstances but the implication tacked on to the statement might be phrased as Such a one is most probably not you, the reader. What is the use of constructing this implied distance mingled with the narrator and the reader? The fact that Douglass has taken up writing as an articulate method of communication seems in many ways to intend an adoption of the... ...had passed forever when I could be a slave in fact (113, chapt. 10).This victory, combined with the achievement of literacy and other factors, such as the impart to escape and attempt to teach others, point to a sense experience of inner, genui ne granting immunity which develops while Douglass is still a slave according to the lawfulness and in the public eye. Just as the Narrative is a personal story set within a framework of social relevance, the stress for freedom is personal before it is physical and external. In spirit and sense of self Douglass becomes free while still a slave, even if that freedom makes his more tangible bonds all the more painful. Because he fought for this freedom great before being ranked among free Northerners, Douglass maintains, in his narrative for the fair abolitionist movement, an inner independence of social and legal definitions of slavery and freedom.

Deforestation: Ecosystem and Private Sector Views

Trees ar one of the most important aspects of the planet we live in . They are very important to the environment , economy and of course for us humans. They are also important for the climate of the earth , as they act as filters for carbon dioxide . However , the trees on our planet are being broken at a very fast rate and governments must outcome an action to make a change. To discuss deforestation we need to cypher at a role of government and its economic policies .Also we need to ask at how the private sector views the ownership of property and its resource at the expense of the environment. disforestation is the felling and clearance of the land , mostly in the (Less economic Developed countries. ) . deforestation occurs in many ways. Most of the clearing its do for agricultural purposes, and planting crops. Some farmers use a( slash and burn) process which is environmentally .Deforestation and forest adulteration are ultimately the result of decisions by agents do such as private , corporations and communities. Generally, the main agents in the process of degradation belongs to the private sector. For example landowners are motivated by making mercantile profits by forests. So if the private agents have to pay for about of the cost of depleting forests, they are more likely to have more of an motivator to take care of the environment. For example to convert forest land for former(a) uses.Pearce and Warford (1993) argue that High discount rates are one pillow slip of environmental degradation because they encourage individuals to opt for short term measures that indulge immediate needs or wants and ignore more environmentally remove practice such as planting trees, there is no market to take account of this divergence between private and social preferences Deforestation has many effects on climate. It plays a major role in recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives rainfall.As a result , when the land is cleared , flooding and d rought becomes a serious problem, because rainwater travels promptly through the ground without the forest to regulate it . The burning and felling of the forests is also exasperating the Greenhouse effect. .Deforestation robs the world of countless species , destroying crucial biodiversity and loosing species with potential uses in medical specialty , agriculture and industry. the Biodiversity is very important to the Ecosystem and without it we would be in a parlous positions..In 2000 environmentalist groups won a major victory against ranchers . They were able to fold a low that would have allowed private agents to clear a rainforest and land with no restrictions. Another victory come in 2004 when Brazilian government created two large rainforest reserves, for sustainable activities only . Deforestation has a major impact on the environment, such as arise sea levels , soil erosion and compounds in the forests. There are whatsoever ways to avoid deforestation.In this essay I tried to show this exit of both sided can benefit if they take in to consideration distributively other needs . As good way to prevent community from cutting or burning down trees is to by encouraging and re-educating environmentally friendly practices in business as well as in a personal lives. They can take an ownership and contribute to a sustainable future for the environment , by being more socially responsible . Governments and nations can develop policies which will protect and limit the misemploy to the environment.

Finance and Dividend Payout Policy Essay

1.What ar the problems here, and what do you recommend?2.What happens to Gainesboros support need and unused debt capacity if a. no dividends are give? b. a 20% payout is pursued? c. a 40% payout is pursued? d. a residual payout policy is pursued?Note that case Exhibit 8 presents an estimate of the amount of borrowing needed. Assume that maximum debt capacity is, as a matter of policy, 40% of the book value of equity. In addition, ravish check TN_26 provided in blackboard which will help you verify this question. Pays no dividends If it pays no dividends, then Gainesboro would be able to channel all its kale to computer storage its growth strategy. Its unused debt capacity would be channelled towards the game exchange requirements of the rigids strategic emphasis on advanced technologies and weenie/CAM.20% With a 20% payout ratio, the firm would have positive superfluity cash from 2009 instead positive excess cash from 2011 with a 40% payout ratio. This will enable the f irm to use its excess debt capacity to fund its enlargement needs, keeping at heart the debt-equity ratio of 40%.40% With a 40% payout ratio, the projections of 2005 would leave the debt equity ratio at 35%, which sleek everyplace gives the firm some debt capacity, albeit very little flexibility if it wants to keep within the 40% debt equity ratio. Perhaps the firm would have to exceed this sceptre to meet its strategic growth needs, and seek more financing.Residual dividend The financing requirements would be less than that of the 20% and 40% payout, as dividends are pay only after Gainesboro has funded all the projects that offered positive net present values.3. How efficacy Gainesboros various providers of big(p), such as its stockholders and creditors, react if Gainesboro declares a dividend in 2005? What are the arguments for and against the naught payout, 40% payout, and residual payout policies? What should Ashley Swenson recommend to the board of directors with b ear upon to a long-term dividend payout policy for Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation? Each of the tercet options have their own potential advantages and disadvantages based on the growth form of the firm and castors perspective i.e, if it is income seeking investor or capital gains investor or creditor. mostly firms that are mature tend to pay high dividends because there are few opportunities for growth whereas, firms that have high growth prospects pay scurvy/no dividends because they would reinvest the excess cash from the earnings for future growth opportunities. With reinvestments, firm could generate more returns to the investors. This would not only help the firm cope in the market place but could also increase the capital gains of the investors in terms of increase in firms lot charge.Zero Dividend Payout Policy Because Gainesboro is trying to reposition itself as software and hightechnology firm that has high growth potential, it could adopt a zip dividend payou t policy. Although, incomeseeking investors such as the retirees may be unattracted to a zerodividend policy, non-dividend seeking investors who prefer increase value in stock price instead of cash distribution might prefer this option.Moreover from salute 4 it can be seen that the firms traditional clientele, the long-term retirees, has reduced from 1994 to 2004 while the short-term trading oriented clientele has increased during the same period.40% Payout The advantage of this approach is that the firm would start repaying the dividends as it had promised to the investors. This could boost market bunco gamefidence back in the firm and exit in a positive increase in share price. however the disadvantage is that the Gainesboro will have to borrow more funds, which is against the firms strategy, to fund the dividends and its expansion plansResidual Payout This policy gives Gainesboro the flexibility to pay dividends, no matter how small, to the investors as promised after funding the projects with positive NPVs, which would increase sales and growth prospects for the come with. The con of this approach is that there would be lot of fluctuations in the dividends paid over the years, there could also be periods of zero dividends thereby, imposing negative compact on the company.Based on the growth strategy of Gainesboro, Swenson should pay dividends as promised to the investors in 2006 and adopt a zero dividend payout policy after 2006. Gainesboro should invest the excess cash to achieve its growth goal and after the company reaches a mature stage it should start paying dividends like otherwise mature firms in the market.

Case Study on Motivating Partners at Starbucks

TABLE OF CONTENT CASE STUDY ON MOTIVATING PARTNERS AT STARBUCKS2 Question 1 Given Starbucks pedagogy approach shot, bene tot ups, package, work/ disembodied spirit program, and spouse dealing mechanisms, what insights have you gained ab out its approach to employee motivation? condone your answer. 2 Introduction2 Motivation2 anticipation- Probability (E to P)4 orchestration- Probability (P to O)4 Valence- V(R)5 Conclusions6 Question 2 What necessarily does Starbucks approach to through and through its training approach, benefits package, work/life program and confederate relations mechanisms? 7 Employees inner happiness. 7 Equal treatment8 Listen to employees8Question 3 What is important to you in foothold of your personal work motivation? How does that which motivates you fit with Starbucks approach to need partners? 10 CASE STUDY ON MOTIVATING PARTNERS AT STARBUCKS Question 1 Given Starbucks training approach, benefits, package, work/life program, and partner relatio ns mechanisms, what insights have you gained about its approach to employee motivation? Explain your answer. Introduction Starbucks Corporation, the just about famous chain of retail coffee shops in the world, mainly benefits from roasting, selling special coffee beans and different kinds of coffee or tea drinks.It owns about 4000 branches in the whole world. The reasons of wherefore Starbucks is worldwide popular ar not exactly the quality of coffee, that likewise its customer service and cosy environment. Besides, it is also famous for its satisfaction of employees. The turnoer rate of employees at Starbucks was 65% and the rate of managers was 25% a year However, the rates of separate national chain retailers argon cl% to 400% and 50% respectively. Comp bed with them, the turnover rate of Starbucks is more lower than other industries on averagely.As a sequel, Starbucks would be one of the optimal work models for the strategies of employee motivation, customer satisfa ction and cooperation of teamwork. Motivation Motivation refers to forces within an case-by-case that chronicle for the level, direction and persistence of parturiency expended at work1. People have rudimentary sine qua nons such as food, secure or masterment, that translate into an midland tension that motivates specific behaviours with which to fulfil the need. If the behavior leads to ones success, the person will count across in the state of satisfaction or we can c tout ensemble it proceeds2.Rewards argon two types inhering and extrinsic. Intrinsic supports refer to satisfaction occurs in the sour of performing an action. Such as a salesperson that sold encyclopaedias for intrinsic reward of helping children read well. Extrinsic refers to a reward s steerulation by another person such as promotion and bonuses. The experience that I had on Starbucks approach to its employee motivation is best by explaining the case found on the roars foresight surmise of Motiv ation is based on an idea that work effort is tell toward behaviors that people believe will lead to want outcomes.The foretaste possibility of Motivation explains the behavioral process of wherefore several(prenominal)s choose one behavioral option over another. It also explains how they make decisions to achieve the end they value. Vroom introduces three variables within the foresight theory which are valence (V), apprehension (E) and instrumentality (I). The three divisions are important behind choosing one element over another because they are clearly defined effort-performance forecast (E to P expectancy), performance-outcome expectancy (P to O expectancy).Three components of Expectancy theory Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence. 1. Expectancy move Performance (EP) 2. Instrumentality Performance Outcome (PO) 3. Valence V(R) Expectancy- Probability (E to P) Expectancy is the belief that ones effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance (P) goals . Factors associated with the individuals Expectancy perception are self efficacy, goal difficulty, and get a line. egotism efficacy is the persons belief about their ability to successfully perform a particular behavior.Goal difficulty happens when goals are put up alike high or performance expectations that are made too difficult are most likely to lead to low expectancyperceptions. Control is ones perceived control over performance. In order for expectancy to be high, individuals must believe that they have slightly degree of control over the expected outcome. Starbucks had matched employees to the callings based on their abilities and clear communicating the tasks requires for the job is an important part of this process. This process took place within the 25 hours of classroom training.Instrumentality- Probability (P to O) Instrumentality is the belief that a person will puzzle a reward if the performance expectation is met. This reward may come in the form of a pay mak e up, promotion, recognition or sense experience of accomplishment. In Starbucks, they offer various types of benefits package includes full medical and dental consonant insurance coverage, disability and life insurance, vacation days, a retirement bringing plan with match phoner contributions, discounted stock purchase plans and stock options as part of Starbucks BEAN STOCK Program.Instrumentality is low when the reward is discombobulaten for all performances given. Factors associated with the individuals valence for outcomes are trust, control and policies. If individuals trust their superiors, they are more likely to believe their leaders promises. When there is a deficiency of trust on leadership, people often attempt to control the reward arrangement. When individuals believe they have some kind of control over how, when, and why rewards are distributed, Instrumentality tends to increase.Formalized written policies impact the individuals instrumentality perceptions. Instr umentality is increased when formalized policies associates rewards to performance. Valence- V(R) Valence the value the individual places on the rewards based on their needs, goals, values and Sources of Motivation. Factors associated with the individuals valence for outcomes are values, needs, goals, preferences and Sources of Motivation Strength of an individuals preference for a particular outcome. Motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valenceManagers should make from separately one factor irresponsible in order to ensure high levels of motivation. Conclusions Referring to this case study, the new Baristas cautiously selected and will receive 25 hours classroom training before they push through their job. During this training, Baristas will be trained, coached exposed to the companys goals, diversity awareness, customers, term planning and career development plan. This would be the E to P Expectancy Concept. The Baristas then exposed to the companys benefits and reward s where the P to O Expectancy Concept occurs.The last one is the Valences outcomes. Starbucks distribute rewards that employees value. This action can increase the expected value of outcomes resulting from desire performance. Expectancy Theory of Motivation body ones of the wear out theories for predicting work effort and motivation, and with one limitation that is, the theory had treat the role of emotion in employee effort and behavior. Question 2 What needs does Starbucks appeal to through its training approach, benefits package, work/life program and partner relations mechanisms?From my analysis earlier, Starbucks training approach, benefits package, work/life program and partner mechanism had fall into needs theory of Expectancy Theory. As I have stated earlier that this theory had ignore the emotional factor. As this theory seems using some kind of mathematical method on measuring the level of motivation, the emotional entity was so abstract and difficult to measure. What most important is the positive impact or the outcome occurs. I cute to conclude that there were several soft impacts happened in Starbucks as the consequences of the slaying of Expectancy Theory.Employees inner satisfaction. A pervious researcher, Pugh &038 Hickson cited Elton Mayo made an investigation called Hawthorne Experiment. According to the results, if managers provided a suitable operative environment considering each personal requirement and their sense of satisfaction rather than a high salary or bonus, workers were encouraged to be more hard-working and efficient. He also verified that if managers of an organization do not consider about individual works needs and wants, then treat them as equal units would increase payment and minimize effort.As a result, how to use non-financial incentives would be an important issue for nowadays business. The chief executive officer of Starbucks Corporation, Howard Schultz, considers that the tip of success in Starbucks is not cof fee but employees. Constantly accumulating the working experience of employees and providing chances of promotion in a company for working partners is the bureau to operate sustainability. He firmly believes that the spirit of Starbucks is employees and feels honoured about the value of Starbucks employees.For this reason, it is requirement to have a perfect education and training policy for better performance in a company. Starbucks offers an interactive structure that makes personnel ingrain themselves into their job hence they can motivate partners to satisfy themselves then achieving a new level of performance. Equal treatment The managers in Starbucks treat each workpeople equally and all of the caters are called partners, horizontal the supervisors of each branch are called it as well. In order to narrow the falling out between managers and employees, they also co-work with the basic level staffs in the front line.Due to this, they can nourish a well management system a nd create a much closer and more familiar atmosphere than other place, which makes not only employees can enjoy their job but also customers are touched by their enthusiasm. Listen to employees Starbucks has a well-organized communication channel for employees. It places a peachy importance on labours. For example, managers plan the working hours per workers and arrange the schedule of meter off, according to their wants to meet their requirements. There are interviews weekly to see what employees need is.A special survey called Partner View Survey is taken off approximate every two years. The managers can receive feedbacks through the event to which part should be improved or what issue should be paid more attention to. The partners have the right to figure out what is the best policy for them, and the directors show a respect for each suggestion. Starbucks even wants every employee to join in making and developing plans, then achieving their goals all together. As a result, the policies and principles are communicated between all staffs, and there is no limitation in employees personal opinions.For this reason, business could improve their strategies even acquaint by different ideas. Question 3 What is important to you in terms of your personal work motivation? How does that which motivates you fit with Starbucks approach to motivating partners? My important personal work motivation would be the physiological, recourse and kind motivation. If one organizational can provide this, I would say that I will be there for a period of time. There would be importantleadership implications toenhance workplace motivation.There arestaff motivation opportunitiesby motivating each employee through their style of management, pay plans, role definition, and company activities. Physiological motivation can be obligate by company by provide ample breaks for lunch andrecovery and paysalaries that allow workers tobuy lifes essentials. In presidency sector (where I work for), offers physiological needs, safety needs and also social motivation. ground on my individual view, managers within this sector may become varies in style of leaderships. This happened due to different background of race, culture and political views.If the managers wear out to be fair or fail to perform, dissatisfaction among workers may occur. In government sector, most of the organizations within tend to be people orientation than result orientated. This similar to the environment in Starbucks, its employees, including informal personnel, are offered a spacious deal of welfare policies, for instance, commodities discounts for employees, medical insurance (including health, vision and dental) and vacations. Moreover, the partners who work over 20 hours a week are entitled for benefits. This related to safety needs.Social needs can be generate a feeling of acceptance, belonging, and community by reinforcing team dynamics. Howard Schultz and other Starbucks senior executives worked to instill some key values and guiding principles into the Starbucks culture. The keystone value in the effort to build a company with soul was that the company would never occlusive pursuing the perfect cup of coffee. Because of this, they have the aforementioned(prenominal) goal in other words, they are motivated to increase the sales to earn more profits. Starbucks just handles personnel with its core value, which is the employees are the most important summation of Starbucks.Showing a respect to employees and well-developed environment have lead Starbucks to disclose the best working quality for customers and an increase in profits. Starbucks establishes a well-developed system to keep good relationship between managers and employees. At offset printing, the leaders of a retail shops use the same title partner as a basic level worker to narrow the gap of bureaucracy. Furthermore, they co-work in the first line to eliminate the distance between different statuses. Se condly, the numbers of employees are usually from three to six.Such a small size of a retail shop makes staffs acquaint with each other easily and deeply. In the co-working period, this helps a team to match different personalities and majors quickly to achieve well performance. Next, the suggestions and complaints provided by employees are treated of equal importance. In the same way, they have a right to participate in the process of revising company policies as well as a manager. In that case, each staff thinks that they also play an important role in company operating, and they can join to work out a direction of Starbucks.These give employees not only a respect, but a sense of participation. Yet, this Starbucks approach was hardly to be found in government sector. In public sector, they tend to uphold the hierarchy line. There were obvious gap between managers and subordinates. Furthermore, the organizations normally contain numbers of staffs. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821 2 1 Schermerhorn,Hunt,Osborn and Uhl-Bien Organizational Behavior eleventh edition John Wiley &038 Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd. 2011 2 Richard L. Daft Management The Dryden Press 1997

The Effects of Memory Improvement by Saying Words Aloud

This look into proposes to seduce away the frames of reposition avail by reciting and saying the haggling aside moth-eaten to starself. Participants depart be assigned to either two unalike types of conditions and exit then be inevitable to recall the nurture of lyric poem as best as they can. It is assumed that a higher(prenominal) level of generating the targeted terminology into recollection is improved when run downers say the manner of speaking by jazzy to themselves. Thus, the hypothesis concluded is that people who say words kayoed loud after drill them are pass judgment to improve their store in retaining culture.The Effects of Memory Improvement by Saying course forte Whenever a person thinks, sees or hear words that are engageed later on for remembrance, some of us would automatically quiz to retain the culture by methods of imagery, utilisation and elaboration to bring it more meaning in their understanding of the definition of those words. Words and languages are interrelatedly attached and associated with memory. Historically, memory is a complex system which began in primitive organisms that stores an various(a) array of fragments that grows more indispensable as we advance through the years.In damage of retaining memory, humans apply extraordinary abilities to accumulate a huge aggregate of knowledge, but they do non always be able to regain or gain access to the parts that exact since long been forgotten. Since words serve as a medium to communicate and interact with opposite people, it is a natural part of daily life that people allow say certain words unwrap loud in coiffe to encumbranceively convey particular messages or to recall specific selective information. check to Macleod et al. 2010), saying a word bulge away loud or at least mouthing it, improves memory function by increasing its specialness, i. e. making it eccentric compared to other(a)s. The fact that producing a word alo ud, which is relative to simply version a word silently, improves explicit memory (Hourihan &type A group A MacLeod, 2010). The past studies through with(p) on the effects of mouthing or telling words to an extent of memory recall often yield liveently similar results in which those who have recited the information out loud were being reinforced to maintain that information for a longer term.Physically moving or acting out the words by means of vocalization would involve certain electrical ponderosity movement so that information sent to the brain are cognise to increase mental response, thus it has its relativity on the generation effect. This generation effect refers to an enhanced memory encoding by which a histrion has better memory melioration by being bear on in its creation or by acting it out. By singing out loud, recitation in past look by Foley et al. (1983) as cited in Dodson & vitamin A vitamin Aere Schacter (2001) had participants to hear and say words out loud.Reciting words out loud would naturally be one of the most effective method for review because it employs more of the senses than any(prenominal) other review technique (imagery, auditory). For instance, in Schacter et al. s (1999) study, when students were reviewing nones or tests immediately after class by means of vocal recitation, they yielded higher scores in memory gain because non only pass on they be consolidating the unexampled-fashioned information, but also it strengthens the neural traces made to the brain. It provides a basis for employing a distinctiveness heuristic during the test. (Dodson &amp Schacter, 2001). Reciting words out loud to understand the message conveyed by a sentence or paragraph would only then have a higher chance of that information moving on into the long-term memory, as most verbal information goes first in the short-term memory. When information is rehearsed aloud, part of it goes into our long-term memory. The most recent inquiry through by Hourihan &amp MacLeod (2010) base that show uping words aloud during study explicitly improves memory compared to construe a word silently and this is called the drudgery effect.The researches hold that the production effect is that by saying words aloud would make them distinctive and better recognized than words which are read silently, which exit be easier to forget. This distinctiveness is not available for the words read silently (Hourihan &amp MacLeod, 2010). The production effect has its basis on the generation effect whereby reciting words out loud produce a certain distinctiveness as make by a series of look intos by Macleod et al. , (2008).Moreover, a study done by Strain, Patterson &amp Seidenberg, (1995) as cited in McKay et al. (2008) found that words containing high imageability (e. g. house, chair, elephant) are proposed to have stronger representations in semantic memory. However, past researches found contrasting results compared to Houri han &amp MacLeods. Research done by Maisto et al. (1977) as cited in Mohindra &amp Wilding (1980) in a disembarrass recall tests found that saying each word out loud three eras had impaired their memory performance when subjected to conceptualizeed recall.This study is further supported by Folkard &amp monastic (1979) as cited in Mohindra &amp Wilding (1980) where they suggested that articulating words impaired free recall. In view of these findings which yielded contrasting or relatively different results in relation to vocalizing words out loud, it can be explained that participants were victimization a strategic reading process when reading the words aloud, since it does not normally involve the conscious recall of information (MacLeod &amp Masson, 2000) as cited in McKay et al. 2008). There is also a claim that a potential issue in difference of these researchers results could be in the time criterion whereby participants shift the influence of certain words t o a different semantic pathway (Strain et al. , 1995, as cited in McKay et al. , 2008). However, recent research done by Reynolds &amp Besner (2008) suggests that contrary to the view that by vocalizing words out loud is entirely an automatic memory encoding, it in fact requires some form of attention.Previous research was investigated further where participants were exposed to reading lexicon and pseudo homophones aloud that required the use of central attention. In research done by Blais &amp Besner (2007), repetition of words of lexical representations suggests longer persistence in the early memory processing, as cited by Reynolds &amp Malley (2008). It was discussed earlier that possibly the mere action of vocalizing words for memory recall bequeath encourage memory improvement at a higher level, thus making a person to be able to better retrieve previous information if need be (Macleod et al. 2010). In some other study, Kappel, Harfard, Burns &amp Anderson, (1973 ) gave another possible explanation on the advantage of reading words out loud, indicating that serial voiced recall were found to be superior for the later positions, and these results replicates previous experiments done by Murray (1966) and Conrad &amp Hull (1968). However, Kappel et al. , (1973) proposed that the results account suggest that differences in participants level of processing information to memory amidst saying out loud and reading silently.Similar to the researches done by Macleod and Hourihan (2010), our proposed study focuses in determining whether reading and saying words out loud would have an effect on peoples memory improvement and recall when acquiring newborn information. The hypothesis of our proposed experiment is that adults, who vocalize new information aloud is evaluate to have higher memory improvement and better recall of information, thus have the highest number of correct answers in the test as indication of their reading the bosh out loud during the experiment.Based on past researches, I am taking the side with the hypothesis that saying words aloud can aid in memory improvement to gather information during other reviewing or learning new knowledge, as such an act would require a certain summate of cognitive effort, thus enabling adults to improve their memory technique on learning tasks at hand. Methods Participants As many as 200 participants from schools and offices leave behind be recruited in this study. All participants get out take on both side speaking males and females and should be between the ages of 18 to 30 years old.All participants allow for be divided into two categories, each receiving a story in the English language of an average English proficiency level. It should be estimated that the quantity number of males and females selected are or so equal in number. The participants will not engage in any other experiments beforehand. Design In this experiment, we will be using a 1 (memory improvem ent or performance) x 2 (participants recite the story out loud or does not recite the story out loud) independent design. The first independent protean (IV) is the participants memory improvement and their ability to remember certain information in the story.For this proposed experiment, the operational definition of reciting the story out loud is where a participant vocally recites aloud a story as they read and handle the story at the same time. The dependent variable (DV) is the vocal recitation of the story either the participants read it out loud, or to just read the story silently. Materials The materials to be used in this experiment include administrative letters sent out to the participants informing them of the research and what is expected of them.Procedural materials include the sheets of paper containing the story, test papers with 30 fill-in-the-blank questions, experimenters scripts and a stopwatch to preserve track of time. The sheets of paper which contains the story to be later recalled by the participants will be a short story that is in English and contains approximately 1000 words. It is entirely pretended and unique, therefore it is not in any way affiliated to share any resemblance or similarities to stories the participants would have known in the past i. e. fairytales or well-known childhood stories.Thus, we expect the participants to be reading and learning about new information base on the fictional story given. This is done so as to fasten any extraneous variables that may interfere with the results of the experiment. The test papers consist of 30 fill-in-the-blank questions that require the participants to answer by recalling information based on the story provided. This format is chosen to avoid any possibility that participants may get the correct answer by chance of lucky guesses. The experimenters scripts will contain the standard instructions for the experimenters to read out to the participants when conducting the exp eriment.Procedure Participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 rooms. In each of the rooms, it is expected to have approximately similar ratio of male and female participants so as to avoid gender directed outcomes and to maintain neutrality. Participants will be led into the room by the experimenter and be asked to take a seat. They will then be briefed on the experiment and will be required to sign two consent forms, one of which is to be kept for themselves and the other, for the research copy of the experimenter.In Room 1, each participant will be provided with a sheet of paper containing the fictional story to be read out loud by the participants. The following instructions will be read out to them You are required to read the fictional story provided out loud. You are highly encouraged to vocalize your words aloud at your own pace. In Room 2, each participant will be provided with a sheet of paper containing the fictional story. The instructions read will be as follows Yo u are required to read the fictional story given silently. You are not allowed to vocalize your words by reading the story out loud.You will read the story silently at your own pace. The experiment will take 25 minutes for the participants to take time to read the story. After they read the story, each participant will be given a surprise fill-in-the-blanks test. The test consists of 30 questions relating to the fictional short story that they had to read earlier. Participants will be given 20 minutes to answer the set of questions. Their answer sheets will then be collected and the participants will be thanked for participating in the research. Statistical AnalysisThis experiment will use an independent t-test to calculate the results of the experiment. This test will be used because this study has only 1 IV with 2 levels (1&2152) and uses between-subjects design, in which the participants will experience different levels of the IV.References Besner, D. , OMalley, Shannon, &amp Robidoux, S. (2010). On the Joint Effects of Stimulus Quality, Regularity, and Lexicality When Reading loudly New Challenges. ledger of Experimental psychological science Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 750-764. Retrieved June 16, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. Dodson, Chad S. amp Schacter, Daniel. L. (2001). If I Had Said It, I Would entertain It Reducing False Memories with a Distinctiveness Heuristic. Psychonomic Bulletin &amp Review, 8 (1), 155-161.Retrieved June 14, 2010 from http//pbr. psychonomicjournals. org/content/8/1/155. full. pdf Hourihan, Kathleen L. &amp Macleod, Colin M. (2008). tell Forgetting Meets the Production Effect Distinctive Processing is Resistant to Intentional Forgetting. Canadian ledger of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 62, No. 4, 242-246. Retrieved June 14, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. Kappel, S. , Harford, M. , Burns, V. &amp Anderson, N. (1973). Effects of vocalism on Short-Term Memory for Words. Journal of Experimental P sychology, 101(2), 314-317. Retrieved June 16, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. MacLeod, C. , Gopie, N. , Hourihan, K. , Neary, K. , &amp Ozubko, J. (2010).The Production Effect Delineation of a Phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3). 671-685. Retrieved June 16, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. McKay, A. , Davis, C. , Savage, G. , &amp Castles, A. (2008). Semantic Involvement in Reading Aloud Evidence from a Non-Word Training Study. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(6), 1495-1517.Retrieved June 18 from PsychARTICLES database. Reynolds, M. , &amp Besner, D. (2008). Contextual Effects on Reading Aloud Evidence for Pathway Control. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 50-64. Retrieved June 14, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. Wilding, J. , &amp Mohindra, N. (1980). Effects of Subvocal Suppression, Articulating Aloud and Noise on Sequence Recall. Briti sh Journal of Psychology, 71(2), 247. Retrieved June 18, 2010 from Academic Source Premier database.

Child Labor in India Essay

As a group we choose the topic of youngster labor in India, and I am responsible to cover the Sexual exploitation of childrens in this field. My colleagues Olivier Turcotte and Frederic Lamoureux be going to cover others part of the child labor such(prenominal) as the indus audition labor and why those kids have to work kinda of going at school. The objective of our project is to aware people of this pragmatism of the world that medias wearyt talk too much more or less and is kind of taboo. The child labor is something that not much of people are aware or concern about it because they dont picture it , but if we think about it, maybe the t-shirt, the shoes, or even what we beat have been pack by a kid from another country that is only 8 years old and work 30 hours or more per week. In relation with our topic, I pass on focus on the Sex labor that children are involved and abuse. This illegal activity that has reached a critical level in South Asia, is something that people are not really conscious about and this is why we need to aware our genesis to be less selfish and think about all those that dont have the same luck to have a halcyon childhood. Well , about the kiosk, we start having some ideas about the material we will use , like posters and things like that but as well as we will try to reach association that protect or fight against the companies that abuse of childrens.ReferencesCarson, D. K., Foster, J. M., & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Tripathi, N. (2013). Child sexual abuse in India Current issues and research. Psychological Studies, 58(3), 318-325. This condition discusses the nature and incidence of the sexual abuse of minors in India and presents an overview of research findings to date. Bandyopadhyay, R. (2012). Child-Sex Tourism, HIV/AIDS, and Social Justice in India. Peace Review, 24(2), 143-146. doi10.1080/10402659.2012.677320 The hold discusses the issues of child-sex tourism, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune def iciency syndrome and social justice in India. Jaishankar, K., & ampere Haldar, D. (2006). Prostitution in India Issues and trends. ERCES Online Quarterly Review, 3(2) Retrieved from http//www.ubishops.ca2048/docview/61624615?accountid=8636 This paper discusses about whoredom in India that is a serious social problem and its solution has been rendered herculean by the problem of poverty. Prostitution is widely rampant in India and its master(prenominal) markets are in the big cities and involves childrens prostitution. Joffres, C., Mills, E., Joffres, M., Khanna, T., Walia, H., & Grund, D. (2008). Sexual slavery without borders trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India. International Journal For faithfulness In Health, 71-11. doi10.1186/1475-9276-7-22 This paper presents an overview of the trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation in India also identifies the health impacts and suggest strategies to respond to trafficking and related issues Ray, N. ( 2007). Wither Childhood? Child Trafficking in India. Social Development Issues, 29(3), 72-83. This article reviews the current research on domestic trafficking of children in India. Child trafficking in India is a highly conspicuous reality. Children are being sold for sexual and labor exploitation, adoption, and organ harvesting. Sathyanarayana, T. N., & Babu, G. R. (2012).

Federal Death Penalty Abolition Act of 2007 Essay

AbstractThe object of the Federal decease punishment Act of 2007 (S. 447) is to exterminate a wide-range of capitol offenses f alling under the immigration and Nationality Act. This act too commutes the sentences of current and future federal death penalization felons from the death penalty, to life in prison, with come forward the possibility of parole.Public opinion at heart the show of Michigan and throughout the United offers is a concern, along with the wardrobe exposure and hump coverage. The GOP and Democratic parties must take firm stances with the issue in the bill, slice certain special interest groups will be making public claims in the media and through the judicial system. Furtherto a greater extent, there argon electoral concerns inside the State of Michigan that cannot be ignored, as re-election is a reality.HistoryThis legislation has been introduced indoors the Senate and/or House since 1999, and has likewise been rejected by either the Senate court Com mittee or the House Judiciary Sub-Committee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security each time.1 Originally introduced by Sen. Russell Feingold D-WI in 1999 and again in 2007, it has carried as many as 46 cosponsors in the House of Representatives while only carrying one in the Senate. Currently, the bill has no cosponsors and has again, been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee for further review, however no major bodily functions birth occurred since April, 2007 when introductory remarks were do by Sen. Feingold regarding the issue. (Death penalization, 2007)Public Opinion            For 158 years, the Michigan voters hand over been founded in their unwavering belief for the abolishment of the death penalty. Through all of those years, the voters chip in felt as though the prejudicial value outweighed the probatory value in accepting the death penalty as a reasonable solution in sentencing standards within the State. Furt hermore, the State was the first to terminate the death penalty and Governor John Engler verifyed the decision  to abolish the death penalty by saying, I think Michigan made a wise decision 150 years ago while going on to say, Were pretty proud of the fact that we seizet confine the death penalty. Therefore, the publics opinion within the State of Michigan is understood the abolition of the death penalty is more than pala contraceptive pillle to the Michigan voters. (Bonner, 2000).Media          Todays press coverage, regarding death penalty issues, is not nearly as a focused and thorough as it once was. Media conglomerates are focusing more and more on the sentiment of infotainment, rather than the happenings within the halls of Congress. As a result, showing support for S. 447 would have little coverage, unless the bill made it through the judiciary committee, House, Senate, and to the Presidents desk without issue. However, history sho ws that Congress is not ready to take such a bold step into that direction. Furthermore, press-releases would have to be leaked to the print and television media in the State in order for voters to notice the issue is even world austerely considered in Washington. Once the media knows that support for the abolition of the death penalty, within the federal judicial system might be a serious topic, then that is when the media coverage will be set into motion.Political Parties          Historically, GOP candidates have affirmed death penalty support, while democratic candidates have vehemently spoken against the practice. However, it is Copernican to note that Gov. Engler is also a Republican jockstrap of the death penaltys abolition, who has a tremendous amount of settle within the State as the partys leader. It is also important to note that in the past, each time the bill received a cosponsor, a Michigan Senator/Representative was on the list as one. Therefore, with the States political support base and the legislations historical cosponsor trend it is important to give a sign of support. quest Groups          In Michigan, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is one of the primary organizations associated with the abolition of the death penalty. Furthermore, this organization has made serious progress in its raise up against this form of sentencing within many some other States and should therefore, be monitored. Next, Amnesty external is an organization that, like the ACLU, has initiated an anti-death penalty campaign throughout the United States and has also gone abroad to promote its cause. In addition, the Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death punishment has promoted its idea to restore justice and investigate resources to death penalty sentencing. nevertheless with the many anti-death penalty organizations, there are even fewer pro-death penalty organizations wi th most of which being based in Texas.Elections          Because of the need to take a stance on this issue, the concern for re-election is very real. This is a deeply root cause in the State of Michigan and therefore, it should not be interpreted lightly. A firm stance and an outspoken agenda on initiatives to support this the bills stance is a viable course of action to take if and when the option of pledging support towards the merits of S. 447 becomes a reality. The only other alternative is to stay silent on the issue and focus on other issues within the agenda that can be addressed and promoted.However, coming out against this legislation is not an option because of the dangers it would pose for re-election purposes. This is because it would appear to be a unilateral decision to ignore the voice and stance of the voters in the State for the purposes of taking on a personal agenda, without thought or guard for the constituents of Michigan. T herefore, the only two avenues of approach are full thwarted support, including co-sponsorship of the bill, or silence and the promotion of other legislative issues.References(2007). Federal Death Penalty Abolition Act of 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from GovTrack.us Web site http//www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?tab=main &bill=s110-447.Bonner, R (2000). States With No Death Penalty Share Lower Homicide Rates. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from Death Penalty Information relate Web site http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org / article. php .Footnotes1 Other bills with the same title take on the following S. 1917 (Status Dead), S. 402 (Status Dead), S. 191 (Status Dead), H.R. 2574 (Status Dead), S. 122 (Status Dead), H.R. 4923 (Status Dead).

Ann from “The Painted Door” by Sinclair Ross Essay

Because of keisters lack of communication skills, Ann feels isolated psychologic in ally and emotionally, and as a result, she is seen by the reader as a woman in despondency seeking companionship during the Great Depression.Ann is dutiful and submissive, so typical of the women of the 30s, as it is shown when she claimed, Plenty to eat muss of wood to keep me ready what to a greater extent could a woman ask for?(p.48) even though it is clear the opposite of what she really wants. She says to John I know. Its just that almosttimes when youre away I entrance lonely the hesitation in this particular sentence explains her powerful desire to have someone to run out to, yet is afraid of Johns response.But we think Ann is more than just what she appears to be. There are moments where her rebellious personality is shown, such as when she went out of the house during the blizzard to feed the animals when John had plainly stated to her, Everythings fed and watered, and Ill see that theres plenty of wood in. This depicts Anns willingness to go so far as to head off herself from her loneliness. Also, the way she beseeches John to stay and the way she reacted, She glanced up sharply, then busied herself illumination the table (pg49) at the mention of a visit by Steven shows that she presents some good intuition and intellect as to what may happen.One green goddess argue that Ann is unconsciously selfish and even ungrateful, for John is constantly seek to please her by working continuous hours without aids of others. She also has a roof over her head and food in her tummy that so many lacked during that era, and yet, she gives hints that she is highly unsatisfied of her current situation and commits adultery. However, the lack of companionship, change magnitude by the barrenness of the surroundings in which the character lives in, makes Ann desperate for anything that would get her out of her miserable existence. As we know, humans are extreme loving creatu res, and when Steven arrived on her doorsteps with his, quote, still-boyish face (pg57) and his lips drawn in a little grin that was too insolent, but at the same time companionable(pg57) , Ann forgets all rules and drops her mental barrier, giving into what she desires the most companionship.So in conclusion, we feel that Ann is a woman with an extremely good heart, but is misguided into doing wrong actions by the isolation and loneliness in which her husband had ultimately caused.

An Alternative to Incarceration for Nonviolent Offenders Essay

Community department of studys is a mountain chain of substitute(a) punishments for unprovoking offenders. There argon two basic company department of studys models in the United States. In the first model, integrated conjunction department of corrections plans combine sentencing guidelines and judicial discretion with a variety of alternative sanctions and countersignature and probation options. In the sustain model, some offers have instituted syllabuss in which punitory officials whitethorn direct already decryd offenders into alternative sanction programs and countersignature and probation options.Both models argon designed to help reduce prison overcrowding and be less dear(predicate) alternatives to prison. Widespread go upment of community correction programs in the United States began in the late 1970s as a way to offer offenders, peculiarly those leaving jail or prison, residential work in halfway ho hires. The first put in community correction prog rams began in Oregon, Colorado, and Minnesota as fly projects with very little government-funded support.They diverted non flushed offenders in selected pilot project argonas from jails and res publica prisons into local anaesthetic alternative punishment programs. These programs allowed approximates to sentence offenders to a community-based punishment rather than jail or prison. Rehabilitation programs were the favored punishment option. In the late 1980s, prison systems across the country began experiencing sincere overcrowding of facilities. The overcrowding litigated as a catalyst for lawmakers to develop cutting options for sentencing felonious offenders. nineteen conveys have now enacted conglomerate community correction programs.Community correction programs stand many communities with local punishment options as an alternative to prison or jail. These sanction programs be lower cost alternatives to increased prison and jail construction, based on the cost per offender. They provide local apostrophizes, reconcile departments of corrections, and state parole boards with a broad undulate of correctional options for offenders nether their jurisdiction. The goal is to match the appropriate punishment with the crime. Community corrections programs argon integrated sanctioning strategies which seek to achieve the spargon-time activity goals The offender is punished and held accountable. macrocosm safety is protected.Victims and local communities bring restitution from felons who blend in their present jobs and/or in restitution programs. Community service work increases.Collection of court costs and fees increases due to contractual agreements with offenders who remain in their present jobs. Eight states have adopted comprehensive Community chastisement Acts which create a network of correctional programs for specific types of offenders.The acts create mechanisms by which state funds are granted to local governments and community agenci es to bring forward local sanctions in lieu of prison or jail. While no two state programs are alike, a comprehensive community corrections program in the main includes the following elements A locally integrated criminal justice system which supports a network of de centralise or centralized correctional programs for specific types of offenders. For instance, in Minnesota, local community corrections informatory boards composed of county sheriffs, chiefs of police, prosecutors, judges, defense lawyers, probation agents, and different local officials create comprehensive correction plans to improve the administration of justice at the local level.The plans detail the various options of punishment in the community which are available to judges and other criminal justice officials when sentencing offenders. These integrated systems generally include restitution programs for nonviolent offenders. Offenders wages are applied directly to restitution, court-ordered fines and fees, and room and board. Placement in the work programs usually lasts from three to six months. Programs are administered by local governmental or nonprofit agencies at the county or regional level, and are funded by the state under a single system which provides for local punishment options.Funds are provided contractually or directly depending on the involvement of nonprofit agencies. Sentencing guidelines for local, district, or regional judges prescribe a uniform sentencing structure with a variety of punishment options for offenders. They differ from unequivocal sentencing by targeting alternative punishments for the non-violent offender population.The punishment authorized under sentencing guidelines is generally tailored for the crime and applies to all similarly-situated felony offenders. For example, judges must follow a rating system based on the severity of the offenders crime, the frequency of violations, and the nature of the crime. Rating scales are adjusted periodically by sentencing commissions to reflect statewide sentencing patterns.Non-violent crimes have the lowest criminal rating, allowing judges the broadest range of sentencing options. In contrast, judges must impose very specific sentences for violent or serious crimes. Serious or violent felons sentenced to prison receive very little if any good time credit, and must serve a specified term while in prison. Responsibility for community correctional service is delegated to local units of government. This joins sentencing and punishment in unitary administrative level, with incentives for the most efficient use of local and state correctional resources. A post-prison release program, operated through a parole or probation system, is an integral theatrical role of a local community corrections treatment system. Community corrections sanctions whitethorn include24-hour residential programs which provide a structured animation environment for offenders who require command when not working or facial expression for employment Non-residential drug and alcoholic drink treatment programselectronic monitoring of offenders placed on home detention (offenders must wear bracelets that allow parole officials to monitor their movement) Diagnostic evaluation and counseling ordered by the court as part of a pre-sentence process Pre-trial intervention which provides close supervising and support services to selected offenders prior to trial Community service programs twenty-four hour period reporting centers where offenders are required to discuss the progress of their job lookup and daily activities with parole officials and Mandatory genteelness programs.There are some(prenominal) key elements to an integrated community-based correctional program Collaborative long range planning by local and state law enforcement officials to reduce the use of prisons for felony sentencing Coordinated use of local and state correctional resources A state funding mechanism to ensure a local l evel of correctional services and Ensuring public safety in community correction facilities. nonpareil of the goals of sentencing guidelines is to match the community sanction with the offender.The types of offenders which are considered for community sanctions include the following Offenders who might benefit from prevention services, and are of criminal activity in the future school drop-outs, urban youth gang members, and juvenile offenders with tuition disabilities. Prevention services could include mid-night basketball leagues, big brother programs, particular(prenominal) education programs, and other activities. Offenders who might benefit from early intervention services. This meeting is generally composed of first time offenders.Early intervention may reduce their chances for committing future crimes. They generally require services related to education, work-skill development, and capacity abuse and alcohol counseling. Offenders who might be eligible for diversion prog rams. This classify is basically those people in jail or prison who may safely be diverted to alternative programs and services. They generally are second or third time offenders who have failed on probation and have been convicted of a number of non-violent horrors. Under Californias three strikes law, they could face life imprisonment if their first two felonies are violent and/or if the third felony is violent.The goal of sentencing guidelines is to match target offender groups with the appropriate community sanction. While in that location are some variations among state sentencing guidelines, most establish punishment by the severity, frequency, and nature of the crime pull. For example, in Michigan, if an offender is arrested for burglary and has a antecedent drug arrest, state sentencing guideline ratings provide a range of sentencing options from alternative community corrections to up to a 24 month prison sentence. The community correction option allows the judge to se ntence the offender to a secured community-based substance abuse treatment program for six months, followed by a short probation period.The judge has the discretion to drive from an array of options. On the other hand, if an offender is convicted of a serious felony and has previous non-violent felony convictions, sentencing guidelines provide that alternative community corrections is not an option, and require a minimum 24 month prison sentence. While offenders sometimes break up the terms of a community correction sentence, so far there is no evidence that the offenders currently entering these programs are a endangerment to communities. evaluation studies are currently randomly tracking offenders who participate in community correction programs to determine the success or failure of the programs. The cardinal states which have enacted comprehensive community correction laws require a cleared local implementation strategy that targets specific offender populations, and seeks to match their needs with the correct community sanction and service, before state funds are dispersed. Several states have also enacted on-going performance evaluation reviews to identify riddle areas and fine-tune sentencing options.The other four states do not offer financial incentives or disincentives, although local implementation strategies are closely monitored by state legislatures. Four of the 8 states also offer formula-based incentives which require community agencies to develop comprehensive, integrated long-range community correctional plans. The greater local resources and services available under the plan, the higher the state funding.Most local plans are coordinated at the county level and identify all available community treatment programs, including prevention and intervention programs, training programs, and diversion programs. Local plans must include data detailing how the community correction programs are evaluate to reduce commitments to prison. The formu la grants include a disincentive for sending definite kinds of felons to state prison, in the form of a per-diem fee which is deducted from the local grant.Grantees are also required to monitor offenders for possible parole violations after they transact the community corrections program. lah has the oldest state name camp program in the country. The Intensive Motivational Program of preference punitory handling ( doctor) has as its goals Provide an alternative to long-term incarceration for youthful first- and second-time offenders. sheer costs without undue risk to public safety.Develop participants self-discipline, self-confidence, self- keep, item-by-item responsibility, and respect for others. In order to participate, an offender must meet the following eligibility criteria phallic and female offenders under the age of 40 serving sentences in state prison. First time felony offenders committed to state custody for 7 days or less for an offense with parole eligibility. Second-time felony offenders who have not previously spent time in state prison and who have been committed to state custody for 7 years or less for an offense carrying parole eligibility. No offenders with bang-up felony charges, numerous outstanding misdemeanor charges, outstanding immigration detainers, mental or physical health problems, history of assaulting behavior or escape, overt homosexuality, sex offense against a child or any violent sexual offense, or absence of post-release plan.In 1987, the Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections began operating a 136-bed multitude-style boot camp program at the medium-security Hunt Correctional Center (Up to 20 female slots are also available at the Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women these inmates are bused to the boot camp daily). The 90- to 180-day program uses a three-phase hail to promote its philosophy of discipline and treatment. Regular program activities include military drill and ceremony training, physical training and organized recreational activities. preaching programs include a re-education therapy class that requires participants to evaluate their beliefs and values, substance abuse education classes and activities, and prerelease (life skills) preparation. Extra duty or incentive physical training are required for minor disciplinary infractions. More serious infractions may way out in reduction in rank, additional duties, or, in some cases, expiration from the program. About 55 percent of participants graduate from the program.On release, all IMPACT parolees are assigned to 3 months of intensive parole supervision where, in addition to the regular conditions mandated for all parolees (maintain employment or full-time educational training), they must satisfy the following requirements a minimum of 4 face to face contacts with a supervision officer each week, adherence to a curfew, snow hours of unpaid community service work and random drug and alcohol screenings. Af ter 3 months, supervision standards are gradually relaxed.Depending on individual performance, at the conclusion of this period, the parolee will continue receiving intensive supervision or is placed in regular parole supervision. According to the Multi-State Evaluation of Shock Incarceration report to the National Institute of Justice, Louisiana is one of three states whos program results in lower recidivism rates relation to comparison groups. Failures are more often for technical violations of parole than for new crime violations. It is estimated that each 100 inmates completing the program result in a cost savings of $750,000 to the state (Nieto, Marcus Feb. 1996).REFERENCESTravis Hirschi, and David Rudisill, An Evaluation of California Probation gift Program, Vol. 1 Commitment Reduction and Probation Subsidy A Summary of for sale Data, Center on Administration of Criminal Justice, University of California at Davis, (Davis), 1977.Probation/ war cry Survey, Corrections Compend ium, The National Journal for Corrections, August, 1994.U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. A Survey of Intermediate Sanctions, Washington, D.C. September, 1990, and Nieto, Marcus, California Research Bureau, The Changing Role Probation In Californias Criminal Justice System, April, 1996.Peters, G.T., Intermediate Sanctions A password of Illustrative Programs. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Washington D.C. 1990.Stone, Susan and Fulton, Betsy, Achieving Public Safety Through Rehabilitation and Reintegration The Promise of a New ISP, Presented at the Academy of Criminal Justice Science Conference. Kansas City, Missouri. 1995.Nidorf, Barry, Chief Probation Officer, Los Angeles County, Los Angeles County, Varied Uses of Electronic Monitoring The Los Angeles Experience, Edited by John Ortiz and William Selke. Intermediate Sanctions Sentencing in the 1990s. Anderson Publishing Company, 1995.Bourque, Blair, Han, B, Hill, Mei, and Sarah, M,. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. An Inventory of Aftercare Provisions for 52 Boot Camp Programs. NCJ 157104. Washington, DC. January, 1996.Nieto, Marcus, California Research Bureau, Community Correction Punishments An Alternative to Incarceration for Nonviolent Offenders, Sacramento, CA., February, 1996.

Bbmdoc.233

CHRIST UNIVERSITY Hosur Road, Bangalore Department of management Studies Course Plan-2012-2013 Subject/ mandate memorial tabletal Behaviour/BBM 232 Name of the faculty Email Dr. Jain Mathew email&clxprotected in Mr. John Paul john. email& one hundred sixtyprotected in Ms. screw upy Thomas mary. email&160protected in Ms. Vinita Seshadri vinita. email&160protected in INTRODUCTION To provide scholarly persons with thorough familiarity in theory and ideals of organizational behavior, also to equip them to address the coeval changes related to the behavior and performance of masses in organizations today.T for each oneing and learning admission Each weeks teaching sessions will comprise foursome- bit lecture including student centered activity During which you will be introduced to the topic for that week. It is important to visor that the coverage of each topic during the lecture will be uncomplete unless you read the references provided and attempt the tutorial quest ions that cover that topic. It is important to note that for each topic a set of objectives is given and it is your responsibility to ensure that you assume those objectives.Recommended text books Stephen Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, Seema Sanghi, physical compositional sort, 13th interpretation Pearson reproduction, Journals Human jacket crown MBA Review HRM Review ICFAI HR HBR Review fountain Folio talk Schedule 1. module Introduction to Organizational Behaviour 1. 1 accusatives render the importance of interpersonal skills in the give-up the ghostplace. Describe the managers function, persona and skills. hebdomad Topics Hour methodological compendium Nature, importance and purpose of organizations 1 intervention Nov 5 Nov 10 Managerial Skills by Robert Katz 2 beat out (C/PPT) Management Roles by Mintzberg 3 PPT video showing various roles Effective versus favored Managerial Activities4 Group discussion and reflections - Luthans study 1B. 2 Objectives On utmost of the material you would be able to Define Organization Behaviour Trace the historical roots of organization demeanour explain OB Model Identify the major(ip) behavioral science disciplines that pass to OB Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB sentiments Week Topics Hour methodological analysis Introduction to Organization Behaviour OB Model1 chew out (C/PPT) Nov 12 Nov 19 Challenges in handling OB 2 Group discussion and reflections Contribution from other disciplines 3 ideal subroutine Case drive 4 Use as a pecker to explain how to approach OB case studies 1+. 2 generator requisite readings Chapter 1 Stephen Robbins, Timothy A. Judge , Seema Sanghi , Organizational Behavior, fourteenth Edition Pearson Education 2. MODULE II Personality 2. 1 Objectives On completion of the material you would be able to Define Personality, describe how it is measured and factors that learn n individuals personality Identify Personality peculiaritys applicable to OB and its applications in the workplace Week Topics Hour methodology Meaning &038 Determinants of personality 1 Concept use Nov 20 regrets 4 Theories of personality Type and Trait theory 2 act Favourite Personality The Big Five Personality Traits 3 dun (C/PPT) Experiential Exercise Big Five Personality 4 Questionnaire Trait Myers-Briggs Indicator 5 Lecture (C/PPT) Psychoanalytical theory 6 Lecture (C/PPT) Ericksons personality 7 Lecture (C/PPT) Handout Group Activity9-+ 8 Write up on various personality +-+traits of famous personalities Case Study 9 Case discussion/ written summary 2. 2 acknowledgment necessity readings Ch. 4 Stephen Robbins, Timothy A. Judge , Seema Sanghi , Organizational Behavior, 14th Edition Pearson Education 3. MODULE- III schooling Meaning of learning larn theory of Organisational Behaviour-Classical- Operant condit ioning- cognitive- Observation system 3. 1 Objectives On completion of the material you would be able to Define and understand what is Learning Four theories which explains how learning takes place Learning principles which needs to be observed in any training programme Its impact on individual behaviour and organization Week Topics Hour Methodology Meaning of learning 1 Concept Mapping Dec 5 Dec 21 Learning process 2 Discussion Classical conditioning 3 Lecture (C/PPT) &038 video Operant conditioning 4 Lecture (C/PPT) &038 video cognitive Theory 5 Lecture (C/PPT) Social Learning Theory 6 Group discussion Role Models Group Activity 7 video display on videos depicting various learning styles/skits Principles of Learning-Reinforcement and 8 Lecture (C/PPT) penalisation Learning Curve 9 Discussion Case Study 10 Case discussion/Written Analysis 3. 2 lengthiness Prerequisite readings Chapter 9 K. Aswathappa, 9th edition, OB-Himalaya Publishing House / Chapter 4- Kavitha Singh-OB Text and Cases-Pearson Education / Chapter 4-OB- Hellriegel &038 Slocum- Thomson 4. MODULE- IV Attitudes Meaning, Characteristics and functions- Components-the alphabet Model- Formation of mental attitude Meaning, Charecteristics, Components and Formation of attitudes. diversity in attitude- Barriers to change- How to minimize the barriers. 4. 1 Objectives On completion of the material you would be able to Contrast the triple components of an attitude Discuss attitude and attitude data formation Relate attitude to behaviour Week Topics Hour Methodology Meaning, Characteristics and functions 1 Concept Mapping Jan 2 Jan 12 Components-the ABC Model 2 Lecture (C/PPT) Cognitive Dissonance Job 3 GroupDiscussion Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Formation of attitudes- Changing attitudes 4 Lecture (C/PPT) Barriers to change, How to minimize the barriers 5 movie Case Study 6 Case discussion/Written Analys is 4. 2 Reference Prerequisite readings Ch 3 Stephen Robbins, Timothy A. Judge , Seema Sanghi , Organizational Behavior, 14th Edition Pearson Education 5. MODULE V PERCEPTION Meaning and definition Need, Factors influencing perception, perceptual consistency, mise en scene and definition,. 5. 1 Objectives On completion of the material you would be able to hear importance and factors contributing for perception Understand the concepts in perceptual Organization Understand factors contributing towards the interpretation of data Week Topics Hour Methodology Meaning, nature and importance of Perception 1 Concept Mapping Jan 21 Jan 31 Factors influencing perception 2 Lecture (C/PPT) Experiential Exercise 1 3 Story telling based on pictures Perceptual operate 4 Group discussion Interpersonal perception 5 Video Case Study 6 Case discussion/Written Analysis 5. 2 Reference Prerequisite readings Chapter 6 K. Aswathappa, 9th edition, OB-Himalaya Publish ing House 6. MODULE VI Group Behaviour and Group Dynamics 6. 1 Objectives On completion of the module you would be able to Analyse the different stages of classify formation and development. Differentiate formal and informal groups. Know the factors that increase or decrease group cohesiveness Differentiate between groups and teams. Discuss the conditions for grammatical construction successful teams. Week Topics Hour Methodology Meaning and types of groups 1 Concept Mapping Feb 1 Feb 12 Formation of groups 2 Activity + locution Characteristics of Groups (Size, Norms, Status, 3 Lecture (C/PPT) Roles) Characteristics of Groups (Cohesiveness, 4 Lecture (C/PPT) Groupthink, Groupshift) Group decision devising 5 Lecture (C/PPT) Groups vs Teams 6 Discussion 6. 2 Reference *Aswathappa Ch. 14 and 15, Organizational Behavior (Text, cases and Games), 9th Edition, Himalaya Publication 7. MODULE VII lead 7. 1 Objectives On completion of this m odule you would be able to Differentiate Leadership and management. Leadership styles and their impact on followers. Transformational leadership, women as leaders and charismatic leadership are emerging issues in leadership. Week Topics Hour Methodology Meaning, concept and Differences with managers 1 Concept Mapping Feb 13 Feb 23 Leadership Styles 2 Lecture (C/PPT) Managerial Grid Situational Leadership (Hersey &0383 Lecture (C/PPT) Blanchard) Tannenbaum and Schmidt lead Goal theory 4 Lecture (C/PPT) Transactional, Transformational &038 Charismatic 5 Presentations by students leaders Communication Meaning and importance, barriers 6 Discussion 7. 2 Reference *Aswathappa Ch. 18, Organizational Behavior (Text, cases and Games), 9th Edition, Himalaya Publication 8. MODULE VIII Motivation 8. 1 Objectives On completion of the material you would be able to Identify major content theories of work motivation Explain the major process theories o f work motivation Understand theories of motivation and evaluate their applicability today Week Topics Hour Methodology Meaning and Concept of motivation 1 Concept Mapping Feb 25 Mar 4 Content Theories of Motivation both factor 2 Presentations by students theory, Theory X &038 Y Alderfer ERG Theory McCllelands need 3 Presentations by students classification Process Theories- howls Expectancy Theory, 4 Lecture (C/PPT) Porter-Lawler theory Case Study 5 Case discussion/Written Analysis 8. 2 Reference Prerequisite readings Chapter 11- K. Aswathappa, 9th edition, OB-Himalaya Publishing House / Chapter 6- Stephen Robbins, Timothy A. Judge , Seema Sanghi / Chapter 8- Fred Luthans- OB- 9th Edition Mc Graw Hill. 9. MODULE-IX- Organizational Change 9. 1 Objectives On completion of the module you would be able to understand The nature, level, need and types of change. The reasons for change in organization. The reasons why people resist chang e in organization. The change process. Week Topics Hour Methodology Nature and Levels of Change 1 Concept Mapping Feb 25 Mar 4 Types and Forces for Change &038 Lewins Model for 2 Lecture (C/PPT) Change Management Change Process ( Six Stages) 3 Lecture (C/PPT) defense to change (RTC) and methods dealing 4 Discussions with RTC 9. 2 Reference *Aswathappa Ch. 22, Organizational Behavior (Text, cases and Games), 9th Edition, Himalaya Publication Continuous Internal Assessment CIA 1 Mid Semester Examinations for 2 hours and 50 tag CIA 2 Comprising of the following 3 components of 10 marks each i) Article Review The student will be infallible to read a specified article and present the review in the following format Name of the Author, Year of Publication, Title of the article Objective of the study Methodology adopted o Sample (Technique and size) o Tools o Analysis Findings of the study Recommendations of the author (ii) MCQ test. (iii) C ase analysis The case mustiness be analyzed in the following manner Critical analysis o Key facts in the case o Central fuss in the case o Theoretical concept it relates to Answer the Questions Recommendations/Suggestions + death CIA 3 Comprising of the following 3 components of 10 marks each (i) Written Case analysis of a comprehensive case following the format specified above. (ii) MCQ conducted through LMS (iii) Class participation evaluated through Q, Activities,

Arellano University Essay

The Jose Abad Santos Campus was formerly called Jose Abad Santos High School. The premiere Arellano University branch established in Pasay City, it was founded in 1945. Dr. Fidel Colmenar was its first director. Next came Mr. Leonardo Tensuan, who served for 23 years, and under whose leadership as director, JASHS reached the natural elevation of progress. Mrs. Felicidad Crisologo, the first woman director of the take, replaced him and act the work guiding the faculty in preparing savants for a brighter future.After six years, Mr. Manuel Lansang took all over the school management. He was succeeded in 1998 by fall behind Zenaida Lobregat who introduced innovations and technological updates to equip both(prenominal) students and teachers for the challenges of the third millennium. data processor-aided instruction was introduced in 1998-1999 and since then, the one- information processing system-one student system has been implemented.In 1986, the college department of AU in Pa say, which was originally established in the Apolinario Mabini High School compound at the corner of Donada and Menlo Streets, transferred to the JASHS campus with the AU President Francisco Cayco himself as officer-in-charge. In 1996, Atty. Samson Turingan served as college OIC until 1999. Miss Lobregat then became managing director of both the eminent school and college departments of the AU Pasay campus. At front, Ms. Rosalinda capital of Chile serves as the high school star topology and Dr. Leonila A. Santos as college administrator. The AU JAS campus has always been dashing of its graduates?who are now statesmen, educators, doctors, nurses, accountants, engineers, computer experts, businessmen, journalists, lawyers, oversea contract workers, restaurateurs, priests, technicians, sportsmen, actors, responsible parents, productive citizens. The school administration, in cooperation with its stakeholders (competent faculty and employees, conscientious parents, students and the community) has been at its best in exerting efforts to implement the present thrust of the Department of Education and the representation on Higher Education to aptly guide values-oriented learners andgraduates. With its vision of becoming the fashion model University for innovative, progressive, and entrepreneurial education, and its mission of providing affordable part education, Arellano University-Jose Abad Santos Campus contributes its share in nation-building done the advantage of the Filipino intellect. College The School of Computer wisdom of Arellano University aims to produce competent programmers in the field of view of Information Technology who can satisfy a productive procedure both in the practical and research areas of computing. accent is put on the practical diligence of computer systems to meet the needs of the global industry. The SCS specializes in the following areas Database and Multimedia Systems programing Language and Compiler Construction bund le product Engineer and Software Quality encounter Distributed System and Communication System net Publishing, Web Casting and Web Hosting Computer education plays a crucial role in the techno-industrial and socio-economic growth of every country. It has, in fact, revolutionized the world around us.Today, we need computer experts in al near all walks of life, be it in the industry, R&D organization or in the faculty member institution. The graduate of AU SCS meets the highest standard of educational activity for diverse areas of computer science. Faculty expertise is pertinent to both the Software and computer hardware industry. The ICS-AU has a number of laboratories equipped with the progressive computer systems running along a wide range of applications with specialized software supporting the courses. The BS degree in Computer Science offers the prospects of some of the most lucrative jobs available both here and abroad.Some of our graduates have joined transnational companies while others are pursuing higher(prenominal) studies at foreign universities of international repute. By joining the AU SCS, you enter a futuristic career of great promise. missionary station & VISION MISSION To add equitable access to learning through relevant, innovative, industry-sensitive and environment-conscious academic programs and services. VISION To be a model institution of learning where relevant knowledge is acquired and skills are developed in response to the needs of the global community.

HAPA children Essay

The picture paper guides the results extracted from qualitative representational ethnographic observation that was conducted among the s angstrom unitle of college students, twain multi- (Hapa) and monoracial, to investigate their childhood experiences in friendship to racial identity. The look for immersed the purposes of melt as a new social prep be and of racial identity against the three contend strategies a hotfoot-conscious, a race-neutral, and a hierarchal whiz. To reflect the multiplicity and worthiness of unmarriedistic responses, the method of in-depth interview was chosen.Results showed that there is warm correlativity between racial identity in comfortable/uncomfortable self-positioning and the socio-economic posture of the family, psychological climate in spite of appearance a family, the presence/absence of role-models, and the degree of racial awareness in the broader (school) context. More explore is needed to assess the type of correlation betw een multiracial identity in date to Hapa children and educational level of their parents, the detail of naturalization in the current locality, and sex of Hapa subjects, as well as the loading of coping strategies on multiracial identity. launch The volume race refers to a branch of people who are perceived as physically unique on the foundation garment of certain traits, such as bark color, hair texture, and facial features. These unique features free people to distinguish others origins ground on their appearance. However, when interracial marriage became more popular, the commonwealth of mixed-raced children increased dramatically, and people can no longer come in others race based on their appearance. Interracial relationships became a bm and part of American culture.The U.  S. earlier census established six categories for race American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, gaberdine, and Hispanic or Latino. However, in the 2000 Census there were already sixty-three categories for race (there were eleven subcategories on a lower floor Hispanic ethnicity alone). Interracial marriages include unions among these 63 groups. Regardless of what types of ethnic groups are bear on in the relationships, one important publication of these relationships is children.An identity crisis has kick the bucket the most debated protrude closely mixed-raced children. The question will management on the identity development of one distinct mixed-raced group, the Hapa. Hapa is a Hawaiian word used to describe half-Hawaiian mixed-raced children. Nowadays, the word Hapa has become a popular term to describe half Asian and half White children. The interrogation will compare the differences in developing identity between Hapa children (a mixed-raced group) and children of a wiz race.It is argued here that Hapa children tend to puddle a harder time when developing their identity in compariso n to children of a single race. Cross model of Black racial identity development (Cross, 1971 found in Tatum, 2004, p. 117+) was adopted to assess individual perceptions and experiences in regard to race and identity in spite of appearance a sample of college students. Modern sermon on the issues of race and multiraciality was analyzed to identify four possible limits of factors (socio-economic status, the SES, acculturation, national origin, and demographic characteristics in Morning, 2001, p. 61+) affecting self-identification in a race-biased context.The U. S. college students were recruited to participate in the take after on the maneuver. The present research fits into the epitome of qualitative, representational and ethnographic research (Boas, 1943 Blumer, 1969 capital of Nebraska and Guba, 1985 Woods, 1992 LeCompte and Preissle, 1993 in Cohen et al. , 2000, p. 136). (3) It is qualitative since it operates non-numeric data, i. e. the data is derived from observations an d conversations and non from statistic analysis.The aforementioned respondents shared their feelings and attitudes on the point of racial issues in political, cultural, and social spheres in regard to phenotypical and ideological conceptualizations of race. The research is naturalistic since the testing of hypotheses took place in natural and naturalistic environments as remote to artificial and controlled settings such as laboratories. The research is ethnographic since it dealt with people in their compartmentalization and subjectivity of perceptions but still constituting a cultural group (Hapas).Thus, the key characteristics of qualitative, naturalistic and ethnographic research being the set of flexible constructions of centers on the issue of race taken by the insiders of a lodge can be observed here. The present research paper is structured on the traditional model. In the Literature look into section, current interpretations of race, multiraciality and identity devel opment are analyzed to be applied boost to the current research.In the Method section, the research strategies and tools of the present investigation are discussed indoors the framework of qualitative, naturalistic and ethnographic investigation. In the subsequent sections, the data collected through and through the questionnaires and interviews is discussed. The Conclusion section summarizes the facts revealed in the review and restates the hypothesis to arrive at the implications for the elevate study and practice in regard to the issues of race and identity. Literature reviewSpencer undercoursed that multiracial identity is deeply rooted in the assumptions that race exists and that the offspring of persons from two antithetical racial groups is a multiracial individual (1999, p. 88). There is a popular concept of phenotypes or physical expressions of genetic inheritances (Ifekwunigwe, 2004, p. 4) deception in the foundation of the theory about human races. Recently, however , more and more researchers father started to argue the notion of discrete or pure biological races (Jones 1996, Rose et al. 1984 in Ifekwunigwe, 2004, p. 3).They stressed the importance of internal differences that persisted within a group modeled as a solid biological race. The advanced concept of racial arrangement predicts that race is a social construct to a greater extent than a biological one. Ropp drew a bottom line in the argument stating that multiracial subjects did not fit into the biological race interlock (2004, p. 263). Omi and Winant defined the process of racial formation as the socio-historical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed (1994, p. 55).In the root edition of the book, they argued that racialization is the extension of racial meaning to a previously racially declassified relationship, social practice of group (Omi & Winant, 1986, p. 64). Williams stressed that races confine been socially constructed in such a way that they have remained separate, monoracially-boundaried, exclusive, and unequal (p. 168). The reference to races being created socially implies that people create the network of prejudices, attitudes and perceptions coating their personal and political bias by referring to skin, hair and other physical or phenotypical parameters.

Use of Nature in Poetry

Poets habit many ways when they call for to transcend something using numberss. Poems argon utilise as a destines of realizeing ideas, cultivation and expression of feelings. This has made the poets to engagement the cancel things and checks that pot can relate with so that they can make these verse forms get a lineable. The most cat valium forms of composing that ar utilize by the poets argon the figurative nomenclature for fount imagery and metaphors. In addition, the poets social function the natural landscape in their attempt to run acrossk the philosophical questions.Therefore, this set ab issue provideing research the forms that pay off been used by the poets in writing rimes using the natural landscape. The essay forget be found on verse forms much(prenominal) as Stopping by timberland on a ashen eventide by Robert Frost, Ode to the due west annul by Shelley and Swan and Shadow by John Hollanders. The poets use different styles and techniqu es in writing numberss. They employ varying styles of writing songs that include the styles of literature such as symbolism. This has necessitated the use of the natural landscape to pass the ideas for which the poem was intended.When the natural landscape is used in poetry, it necessitates a creation of the foreland through imagination. The contributor of the poem give be in a function of deriving the meaning of the poem from what he reads. This has been demonstrated by J. Hollander in his poem the Swan and Shadow. Hollander starts his poem with a description of the Dusk above the pee hang the loud flies. This testament unfold the contributor a figurative image of what the poet meant because it relates to what is found in nature. The natural tangible landscape is excessively used by the poets because it can be easily connect with and in that locationfrom it is used as a simile.The similes be literary techniques used when we want to relate something with another ite m with akin(predicate) attributes. Therefore, it ordain be easier to sympathise the poems when the poets practice techniques that atomic number 18 familiar with the ratifier. This pictures the reason cigargont the poets using the natural landscape because the reader must suck connect with the nature. Shelley in his poem Ode to the West Wind has used similes in his poem. He states that, the leaves stone-dead ar driven like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing. He in any case states that, the travel seeds where they lie cold and modest each like a system within its grave. As stick withd from these examples, the poets leave use these techniques to assist in easier reading material of the poem. The poets also use metaphors when writing poems. Metaphors bear upon to the use of certain words to mean otherwise in the context of the poem. However, metaphors are sometimes hidden in the poem such that they require the reader to regard taboo their existence in the poem. Th is allow be easy when the poet employs the physical environment that is well understood by the reader. In addition, metaphors go out strengthen the ideas that the poet wants to pass across.Metaphors leave and then make it easier for the readers to interpret and understand the meaning that the poet intended to transcend. Shelley has used a metaphor in his poem where he states Pestilence-stricken multitudes. He states this to indicate to the reader that he is not just addressing a galvanic pile of leaves. Therefore, this athletic supporters to understand the deeper meaning of the poem. He also states ab protrude the wintry bed, which is meant to channelize his mood in the poem. Poets also use the landscape in writing poems because of the excitement that they get from such pastures.This could be based on some memory or the history of the beam and therefore it inspires the source of the poem. This could help the poet to pass some instruction that can be easily related wit h such a situation. Robert Frost in his poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, writes about his experience in the woodwind instrument in a snowy eve. He states that though the wood would protect him from the snow, he had to get home to sleep because it was acquire late. The poet was indicating the obligations that he was suppositious to perform though he could protect himself from the snow.The poet has also use personification where he refers to the vaulting horse and states that his horse would find it queer when he stood by the timberland where there was no farmhouse nearby. By stating the above, he gave the horse some tender-hearted attributes. The poet has used nature to indicate that though he would have stayed in the woods to see as they are c everywhere with snow, he had to fulfill his promises through carrying out his duties. The poets also use personification by referring to the natural landscape in learn some valet attributes.Personification refers to the use of human attributes on non-humans such as animals. much(prenominal) attributes includes beauty, ugliness and gentleness or ferocity. These attributes are reflected through the use of figurative language that represents the people. These include the metaphors and the similes. Therefore, the natural landscape provide be used in equivalence these attributes with those of the human beings. This is related with what the people understand that is found in the environment. The source of the poems will use descriptive words that are given to the natural landscape that has been personified.This will help in showing the human attributes indirectly when the deeper meaning of the poem is derived. The three poems help to mirror poetic concerns over the transitory nature of liveness. In the poem Stopping by the woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost, the woods are described as dark and deep. He also states that it was the darkest evening of the year. This gives a picture of a place wh ere there was no cardinal living. Frost has also stated that the woods were located in a place where there was no farmhouse because though he knew the owner, he lived in the village.The poet is trying to show existence of some isolation. This is evident that the poems are not written in a direct manner but they present the reader with an opportunity to figure out what was the meaning of the poem. The poets have used poems to communicate some message about how people live in the society. The poems always have the literal meaning and the deeper meaning that requires a deeper understanding of what the poet tried to communicate. In addition, we observe that the speaker of the poem implies that he could be in the wrong for trespassing in some stars land.He shows that he is out of order and therefore he is supposed to go to sleep in his place because it is already dark in the evening. The source tried to show the obligations that people have in invigoration and therefore they are suppo sed to be time conscious(p) while doing their activities. Also, the poem could have a deeper meaning that implies a mutation from one life to another. This excretes where the speaker states in the sustain line that he has miles to go in the beginning he sleeps. The sleep could mean devastation in this context. This poem shows how the poets employ the poetic techniques and styles to bring forth ideas about life to the reader.The poem Ode to the West Wind by Shelley also indicates the poetic techniques that are engaged by the poets. The poem brings out the section of vicissitude because he reveals his thoughts like the winged seeds are trapped. When the poet refers to the West Wind, he implies a driving force for transition in the human. Shelley has also implied the winter as not just the last soma of vegetation but also as a transition in the unmarried life, that includes civilization and religion. Therefore, the poet was symbolic when he referred to the West Wind.The West Wind is implied as carrying the dead thoughts in the individuals. Shelley was more concerned with the transitions that perish in peoples lives in his poem. Shelley uses the words winged seeds, which he likens with a feeling of being trapped. By lineament to the seeds, it shows that even when death occurs, there will be new life that will grow out of the grave. The poet has also written about images of religion that help creates new life. It is evident from the poem that poems are just a shadow of what is chance in the society.This is because they will indicate the changes that occur in the lives of individuals. John Hollanders poem Swam and Shadow has various visual images that are used to increase the understanding of the reader of the poem. He uses figurative language such as describing the water as time out up no being gather. This makes the poem beautiful in that the reader is left to imagine about the pop out of the wings when a swan wants to fly. The poem has created a t ransition of moods where sometimes it is dingy and on other occasions, the mood of the poem is lovely.The poet implies the disappearance of the swan, which would imply their death when they fly. This therefore presents the sad tone of the poem. We also see that the poet has applied a technique where the unit poem is not punctuated. We just theorize the starting of a sentence if there is a capital letter. This makes it hard to check off the thoughts of the poet. This style makes the poem unique and therefore it is interesting because of the prose form. This poem also illustrates transition because it describes the flies that are found in the dusk hanging above the water.However, the writer describes that their shadow will disappear and shrivel. The disappearance of the swan represents death, which marks a transition from one form of life to another. This has been described when the poem comes to end where the poet states that yes by then a swan will have gone yes out of mind. I n conclusion, we observe that most poets will always use the natural environment when they want to communicate something. They will use the natural landscape and other creatures that are found in the environment. This is meant to assist the reader in the easier understanding of the poems.